An Opinion on Article 377 of the Indian Penal Code

Article 377 of Indian Penal Code reads: Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. 

Depending on my health condition, it would be perfectly fine for the doctor to advise me what to eat and what not to eat. But it would be perfectly insane if the Court would provide legal menu to the citizens on what to eat during lunch or dinner. There has to be a limit to which the Court could have a say in my personal life. The question we have here is how far the legal system can or should enforce its view on one's sexual life. 

I don't think criminalising or decriminalising homosexual act takes us back to the past. There are instances in antiquity where it was acceptable and also instances where it was not acceptable. The arguments to criminalise or decriminalise should be based on some other grounds. 

The matter deserve serious deliberation because it would further spill over to the question whether the Court should recognise and affirm if two men/women choose to live as husband and wife, and not limit their relation to occasional 'lovemaking'.  Since legal recognition entails legal affirmation, there is the need to deliberate if we want to affirm, honour and celebrate same sex marriage as a society. This is when, I believe, the collective viewpoint of the society comes into play, or should come in, in framing the legal code of conduct of a state. 

I am not in favour of a society where there is (rampant) fornication or adultery. My religious belief informs me that such acts are not morally right. But I also have reservation about the Court criminalising adult consensual fornication. Isn't the Court impinging too much on individual's freedom if it has to imprison any man or woman who engages in lovemaking behind closed door before they get married? To push the matter little more: how about the Court putting unmarried love-bird into jail for kissing behind closed door? Or how about putting to jail those who hold hands before getting married? 

But suppose the Court decriminalises homosexual act, how far should it go? Should it go to the extent of conducting Court marriage for them? I would answer in negative. My religious view informs me that marriage is a union between one and one woman, and therefore I would like to keep it that way. (The Muslims are informed by their Scripture that even one man and four women is allowed; so let them retain their viewpoint.) One may argue that if in my view concession could be made to the Muslims, why not make concession to, say, an atheist too who has no religious text to inform him or her about marriage and thus allow him/her same sex union. Well, the Muslims have a particular view; it's not that anything will work them. Whereas in the other case, there is no particular viewpoint as such. Today it could be same sex union; tomorrow it could be one man and ten men; and the day after, it could be one man and one horse. Where do we put a stop? When there is no given sanction, it opens up the gate to go down to any extent. Therefore, my view is that in general marriage should be a union between one man and one woman. This is the marital union we as a society should affirm and honour. 

How to Pronounce 'X-Mas': Ex-Mas or Christmas?

If we are to look into the genesis of the use of 'X', it should be pronounced as 'Christmas', not 'Ex-Mass'. 

Christos (Χριστός)  is the Greek word for Christ. And the first Greek letter 'X' there is pronounced as 'chi'. Thus, X-Mas is a shortened form of Christ-Mass ('Mass' as in Catholic mass). It is equivalent to Christmas. Using shortened form like X-tian to denote Christian or X-Mas to denote Christmas was not to delete 'Christ' at all. And there is no reason why it should be taken that way today. When situation warrants that, let it be as Xtian or X-Mas, but it is more accurate to pronounce them as Christian or Christmas. 

Using symbols in Christianity arose very early. The earliest Christians used the symbol of fish to denote themselves. Fish in Greek is Ichthus, written as 'IXƟYΣ' (Ioto, Chi, Theta, Upsilon and Sigma). The five letters are the initials of Iesous, Christos, Theo, Uios and Soter, which when translated to English would be Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior. So when a Christian would draw a fish, it would imply that he or she believed that Jesus Christ is God's Son and Savior. Another symbol that early Christians used was the combination of 'X' (Chi) and 'ρ' ( Rho). It is formed by superimposing one letter upon another so that the two letters become one symbol, a monogram ( as in☧). 

Mahatma Gandhi and Hinduism

This article is a reproduction of the lecture that Dr. Arvind Sharma (Prof. of Comparative Religion, McGill University, Canada) delivered yesterday at the department of Philosophy, Delhi University. The lecture was titled "Hinduism and Gandhi". There was no note given. So the words are mine, but the idea is his. 

There are four elements in Hindu belief. They are: 

1. Sources of Dharma

2. Concept of Varna

3. Concept of Asramas 

4. Concept of Purusharthas

These four elements can be further expanded thus: 

1. Dharma 

A. Sruti (Canonical Texts)

B. Smriti ( Tradition/What is Remembered)

C. Acarya ( Models/Teacher)

D. Atma-tusti (Conscience/Inner Self)

2. Varna 

A. Brahmins

B. Kshatriyas

C. Vaishyas 

D. Shudras 

The Shudras are classified into two categories: 

i. Included Eg. servants

ii. Untouchables 

3. Asramas (Four stages of Life)

A. Bramacharya (Student Life)

B. Grahastha (House-holder)

C. Vanaprastha ( Forest-Dweller)

D. Sanyasa (Ascetic)

4. Purusharthas (Goals of Life)

A. Dharma 

B. Artha (Wealth-Power)

C. Kama (Pleasure, as in Kama-Sutra)

D. Moksa (Liberation)

The order is generally classified in Hinduism this way though not everyone agrees entirely. Gandhi gives importance to these elements as a Hindu. He refuses to take the radical step of Ambedkar to bring change. Yet he re-arranges the order significantly and brings reformation within Hinduism. This is how he re-arranges the order: 

Dharma : He places 'atma-tusti' in the first place. 

Varna: He lifts the 'untouchables' and places them in the status of 'touchables'. 

Asramas: He lives like a forest-dweller; thus renouncing certain thing like sex. Yet he was a house-holder. (This would have been the reason, says Dr. Sharma, why women-folk were not afraid of being close to Gandhiji or the husbands were not hesitant to let the wives associate with him closely. This is significant considering the fact that on certain occasion women-folk outnumbered men in participating for Freedom March with Gandhiji). 

Purusharthas: His primary focus was on Dharma. 

PS: From this lecture I understand that Dr. Sharma attempts to drive home the point that there is sufficient resource within Hinduism to bring change in the social order. One does not have to go outside of the Hindu tradition to bring reformation. My observation as well as that of some others is that in this scheme of thing the status of women is not given due importance. It would be interesting to observe how Gandhiji would address of concerns of women within this tradition. 

Four Noble Truths and Eight Fold Path

One of the earliest texts of Buddhism, Digha Nikaya, records some of the deeds and teachings of Gautama the Buddha. In it the Buddha also teaches the four Noble Truths, namely:

1. Suffering (Dukkha)
2. The origin of suffering (Dukkha Samudaya)
3. Cessation of suffering (Dukkha Nirodha)
4. The Path leading to the cessation of suffering ( Dukkha Nirodha gamini patipadi), which is the Noble Eight Fold Path ( ariya atthangika magga), and consists of:

a. Right View

b. Right Thought

c. Right Speech

d. Right Action

e. Right Livelihood

f. Right Effort

g. Right Mindfulness

h. Right Concentration

The eight steps can be categorised under three heading: Morality ( c-e), Concentration (f-h) and Wisdom ( a-b). The reason for categorising in this sequence is because morality is cultivated in the initial phase in order to prepare oneself for Concentration which is then supposed to lead one onto higher wisdom eventually. 

This aspect of morality is quite different from that of Christianity. In Christianity moral purity is not really to earn salvation/liberation. The Bible teaches that one cannot really earn salvation/liberation by observing moral norms because it is really impossible to attain moral perfection. And only by being morally perfect one can be in union with God since God is pure. Therefore, in Christianity moral 'perfection' in God's sight is something that God gifts to a person as the person comes to put his/her faith in Jesus Christ as Lord and God. And as a result of this new status, the person observes moral norms as his/her response to maintain the relationship with God.

By What Time is Metro Train Available at Rohini East/Rohini West/Rithala in the Morning?

Two weeks back when I wanted to board metro train early in the morning, I searched for information in the internet when I can board the first metro train from Rohini East to go towards Kashmere Gate. I found no information. So for the sake of those who may want to board the metro train in the morning like I did, I thought this piece of information may be useful.

I reached the Rohini East metro station at 5.50 AM. Few minutes later I saw the metro train from Kashmere Gate coming towards to Rohini East to proceed onto Rithala. The metro train perhaps started exactly at 6 AM from Rithala; it reached the Rohini East metro station at 6.04 AM. 

It reached Kashmere Gate at around 6.30 AM.

Evolution: How Old is the Earth -- 10,000 or 4.5 Billions years? Part 3

Some Christians read the Biblical text and conclude that the earth is ten thousand years old or little older. They further argue that geological finding does not contradict their interpretation of the Scripture. Other Christians read the same Biblical text and conclude that there is no indication that compels one to conclude the age of the earth as ten thousand years or so. So they take the help geological finding and conclude the earth is very old. The age of the earth matters to evolutionary theory because the theory requires millions of years for species to evolve. So if the earth is indeed as young as ten thousand years, theory of evolution is at stake. 

I take the latter position, which is to say that the Scripture does not compel to me take the age of the earth of 10,000 years or 50,000 years or a million years or a few billion years.  Some of the geological formation may rather appear to be very old when it is a very recent formation. I have come across certain Christian writers bringing to light the fact where older finding suggests a particular geological formation to be very old when newer research finding presents evidences that the formation is actually young. Thus taking such examples, these writers present their case for a very young earth. I don't think these cases establish that the earth is indeed young. Even if there is just one evidence that proves that certain geological formation or a rock piece or the formation of coal/petroleum or something of that sort is million of years old, it is strong enough to refute the arguments for a very young earth. Whereas young earth proponents would have to prove that this formation or that formation and the many many other formations are indeed young too. But this is not happening!